R06 verification B — ChatGPT citation set (live web resolution)
Date: 2026-09-07. Verifier: Claude (Fable 5.1). Method: Crossref REST (api.crossref.org/works/<DOI>), Europe PMC REST (DOI / EXT_ID search, PMC fullTextXML), OpenAlex and Semantic Scholar abstract records for non-OA items, and direct HTTP fetches of the four web pages. No WebFetch/curl. Every CLAIM verdict below rests on a passage retrieved live in this session; nothing is adjudicated from memory.
Verdict keys — IDENTITY: VERIFIED / WRONG-OBJECT / NONEXISTENT / PARTIAL. CLAIM: YES / PARTIAL / NO / UNVERIFIABLE.
| # | Tuple as written | Resolved tuple | IDENTITY | Attributed claim | CLAIM | Basis / quoted passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Massuela DC et al. 2023, Front Plant Sci 14:1233232, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233232 | Massuela, Munz, Hartung, Nkebiwe, Graeff-Hönninger 2023, “Cannabis Hunger Games: nutrient stress induction in flowering stage – impact of organic and mineral fertilizer levels on biomass, CBD yield and nutrient use efficiency”, Front Plant Sci 14:1233232; PMC10547009, PMID 37794933 | VERIFIED | Organic vs mineral at 80/160/240 mg N/L; organic stock = Phytogreen Bio NPK 5-2-5 + Carbon Eco + Epsom salt; mineral = ammonium sulfate + commercial solubles; AMF to all; no leaching; mineral higher inflorescence DM; organic ~12% higher CBD conc.; 1319 vs 1197 mg CBD/plant; 160 gave ~95% of CBD yield of 240 with one-third less fertilizer; lower nutrient acquisition under organic late in flower | YES | Full text (PMC): “organic fertilizer stock solution was prepared by mixing Phytogreen Bio NPK 5-2-5 without molasses … Carbon Eco … and Epsom salt”; “mineral fertilizer solution … SSA Ammonium sulfate …, Plantaktiv Typ B, Universol White and Wuxal Super”; AMF “Mykorrhiza Soluble” applied; “neither fertilizer solution or irrigation water leached through the pots”; “mineral fertilization had significantly higher inflorescence dry matter than organic treatments” (final two weeks); “organic fertilization significantly increased CBD concentrations by 12%”; “1319 mg CBD plant−1 … 1197 mg CBD plant−1 for the organic”; “fertilizer concentration 160 produced 95% of the CBD yield of 240, while receiving one-third less nutrients”; “Nutrient acquisition was lower for the organic fertilizer during the final two weeks before harvest”. Note: mineral-vs-organic DM difference was significant only at the final harvest date. |
| 2 | Caplan, Dixon & Zheng 2017, HortScience 52:1796–1803, DOI 10.21273/HORTSCI12401-17 | Caplan, Dixon, Zheng 2017, “Optimal Rate of Organic Fertilizer during the Flowering Stage for Cannabis Grown in Two Coir-based Substrates”, HortScience 52(12):1796–1803 | VERIFIED | Flowering-stage liquid organic fertilizer, two coir substrates, 57/113/170/226/283 mg N/L; increasing rate increases biomass while cannabinoid concentrations decline | YES | Crossref abstract: “five rates that supplied 57, 113, 170, 226, and 283 mg N/L of a liquid organic fertilizer (2.00N–0.87P–3.32K) … two coir-based organic substrates”; “Increasing fertilizer rate led to increased growth and yield but also to a dilution of THC, THCA, and CBGA.” (Abstract-level, but it adjudicates the qualitative claim directly.) |
| 3 | Caplan, Dixon & Zheng 2017, DOI 10.21273/HORTSCI11903-17 | Caplan, Dixon, Zheng 2017, “Optimal Rate of Organic Fertilizer during the Vegetative-stage for Cannabis Grown in Two Coir-based Substrates”, HortScience 52(9):1307–1312 | VERIFIED | Vegetative-stage organic rate study, two coir substrates | YES | Crossref/S2 abstract: “five rates that supplied 117, 234, 351, 468, and 585 mg N/L of a liquid organic fertilizer (4.0N–1.3P–1.7K) … one of two coir-based organic substrates”; optimum ~389 mg N/L. |
| 4 | Saloner & Bernstein 2021, Ind Crops Prod 167:113516, DOI 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113516 | Saloner & Bernstein 2021, “Nitrogen supply affects cannabinoid and terpenoid profile in medical cannabis”, Ind Crops Prod 167:113516 (Europe PMC AGR IND607349196; no PMID) | VERIFIED | N dose response; inflorescence yield peak ~160–320 mg N/L; THCA/CBDA decline with N | YES | Abstract (Europe PMC AGR record): treatments “30, 80, 160, 240, and 320 mg L−1”; “THCA and CBDA decreased by 69% and 63%, respectively, with the increase in N supply from 30 to 320”; “morpho-physiological state … optimal at 160–320”; “Inflorescence yield … increasing with the increase in N supply up to 160 mg L−1 N, and was unaffected by further increase”. Publisher page is paywalled (403); abstract suffices for these figures. |
| 5 | Saloner & Bernstein 2022, Front Plant Sci 13:830224, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.830224 | Saloner & Bernstein 2022, “Nitrogen Source Matters: High NH4/NO3 Ratio Reduces Cannabinoids, Terpenoids, and Yield in Medical Cannabis”, Front Plant Sci 13:830224; PMC9198551, PMID 35720524 | VERIFIED | Fixed 200 mg/L N; NH4 0/10/30/50/100%; 50% NH4 ≈46% yield reduction vs nitrate-only; 100% NH4 lethal | YES | Full text: “five supply ratios of NH4/NO3 (0, 10, 30, 50, and 100% N-NH4+, under a uniform level of 200 mg L–1 N)”; “a 46% decrease in inflorescence yield with the increase in NH4 supply from 0 to 50%”; “100% NH4 induced substantial plant damage, resulting in plant death”. |
| 6 | Shiponi & Bernstein 2021, FPLS 12:657323, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2021.657323 | Shiponi & Bernstein 2021, “The Highs and Lows of P Supply in Medical Cannabis: Effects on Cannabinoids, the Ionome, and Morpho-Physiology”, Front Plant Sci 12:657323; PMC8320666, PMID 34335641 | VERIFIED | Two genotypes, 5–90 mg P/L; ≤15 insufficient; 30 mg/L ≈80% of max yield; higher P lowered THCA/CBDA in some comparisons | YES | Full text: “Two genotypes … five P concentrations of 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg L–1”; “(i) P concentrations ≤15 mg L–1 were insufficient … (ii) 30–90 mg L–1 P was within the optimal range … 30 mg L–1 P was sufficient for producing 80% of the maximum yield; … (iv) P supply higher than 5 mg L–1 reduced THCA and CBDA concentrations in the inflorescences by up to 25%”. |
| 7 | Westmoreland & Bugbee 2022, FPLS 13:1015652, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015652 | Westmoreland & Bugbee 2022, “Sustainable Cannabis Nutrition: Elevated root-zone phosphorus significantly increases leachate P and does not improve yield or quality”, Front Plant Sci 13:1015652; PMC9724152, PMID 36483962 | VERIFIED | High-CBD cannabis, 25/50/75 mg P/L; no yield/cannabinoid benefit; leachate P ~12-fold higher | YES | Full text: “increasing P (25, 50, and 75 mg P per L) … of a high-CBD Cannabis variety”; “Leachate P increased 12-fold in response to the 3-fold increase in P input”; title states “does not improve yield or quality”. |
| 8 | Hershkowitz, Westmoreland & Bugbee 2025, FPLS, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2025.1433985 (PubMed 40051879) | Hershkowitz, Westmoreland, Bugbee 2025, “Elevated root-zone P and nutrient concentration do not increase yield or cannabinoids in medical cannabis”, Front Plant Sci 16:1433985; PMID 40051879, PMC11882401 | VERIFIED (vol 16, not stated in tuple) | Closed hydroponics; P 15–90 mg/L × EC 2 vs 4 mS/cm; no yield/quality improvement | YES | Full text: “closed system, deep-flow hydroponics”; “The nutrient solution was recirculated (closed) so there was no leaching”; “P supply (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 mg per L) … EC; 2 and 4 mS per cm”; “there was no difference in yield or quality among treatments”. PMID matches DOI. |
| 9 | Saloner & Bernstein 2022, Agronomy 12:1242, DOI 10.3390/agronomy12051242 | Saloner & Bernstein 2022, “Effect of Potassium (K) Supply on Cannabinoids, Terpenoids and Plant Function in Medical Cannabis”, Agronomy 12(5):1242 | VERIFIED | K 15/60/100/175/240 mg/L, two cultivars; 15 deficient; 60–175 supportive; oversupply symptoms at 240 in one cultivar; most cannabinoids/terpenoids decline with K | YES | Abstract (Semantic Scholar record of the MDPI article): “Two cultivars … five levels of K supply: 15, 60, 100, 175, and 240 mg L−1 K”; “low K supply of 15 mg L−1 K were impaired … inflorescence yield was reduced in both cultivars”; “higher K inputs in the range of [60]–175 mg L−1 K demonstrated optimal plant function and high yield, and one cultivar demonstrated over-supply symptoms under the high K level of 240”; “concentrations of most cannabinoids and terpenoids declined with the elevation of K supply”. |
| 10 | Bernstein et al. 2019, FPLS 10:736, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2019.00736 | Bernstein, Gorelick, Zerahia, Koch 2019, “Impact of N, P, K, and Humic Acid Supplementation on the Chemical Profile of Medical Cannabis”, Front Plant Sci 10:736; PMC6589925, PMID 31263470 | VERIFIED | N/P/K/humic-acid supplementation vs commercial control | YES | Full text: “The plants were exposed to three enhanced nutrition treatments, compared to a commercial control treatment”; “The nutrition treatments were supplemented with HA, enhanced P fertilization, or enhanced NPK”. |
| 11 | Velechovský et al. 2024, FPLS 15:1322824, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2024.1322824 | Velechovský, Malík, Šenkyřík, Tlustoš 2024, “Effect of augmented nutrient composition and fertigation system on biomass yield and cannabinoid content of medicinal cannabis”, Front Plant Sci 15:1322824; PMC10847352, PMID 38328699 | VERIFIED | Augmented P/K/Fe regime; recirculating vs drain-to-waste; augmented nutrients did not significantly increase flower mass or cannabinoid concentration; fertigation system affected yield and total THC | PARTIAL | Full text supports the first two parts: “elevated levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and iron (Fe)”; “the altered nutrient regime does not yield statistically significant differences in final inflorescence harvest mass or cannabinoid concentrations”. The “affected yield” part is contradicted: “neither the altered nutritional regime of the ET variant nor the type of fertigation system had a statistically conclusive effect on the final inflorescence harvest mass”. What the system did affect was total THC yield: “the recirculation system consistently outperformed the drain-to-waste system, especially after the ninth week, resulting in significantly higher total THC yields”. Correct wording: fertigation system affected total THC yield (and element composition), not inflorescence mass. |
| 12 | Anderson SL II et al. 2021, PLOS ONE 16:e0252985, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0252985 | Anderson II, Pearson, Kjelgren, Brym 2021, “Response of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth, biomass, and cannabinoid profiles to varying fertigation rates”, PLOS ONE 16(7):e0252985; PMC8320997, PMID 34324496 | VERIFIED | Five essential-oil hemp cultivars; 20-20-20 at 0–600 ppm N; high rate/EC reduced growth, biomass, cannabinoids | YES | Full text: cultivars “Cherry Blossom, Cherry Blossom (Tuan), Berry Blossom, Cherry Wine, and Cherry Blossom × Trump”; “commercial 20-20-20 fertilizer at rates of 0, 50, 150, 300, 450, and 600 ppm nitrogen”; “Optimal fertilizer rates were observed at 50 ppm N, while increased fertilizer rates significantly reduced plant growth, biomass accumulation, and cannabinoid concentrations”. |
| 13 | 2025 field-hemp hybrid fertilizer study, DOI 10.3390/plants14101519 | Sicignano, Beleggia, del Piano, Enotrio, Suriano, Raimo, Trono 2025, “Effect of Combining Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Plants and the Accumulation of Phytochemicals in Their Inflorescence”, Plants 14(10):1519; PMC12115201, PMID 40431084 | VERIFIED | Mineral NPK vs compost + half-rate mineral N; some hybrids matched/exceeded mineral controls | YES | Full text: “NPK, mineral fertilizer with 100 kg ha−1 nitrogen; C1 … C6 composts …; SD, non-composted solid digestate”; “C1–C6 and SD were added to the soil, along with half the rate (50 kg ha−1) of chemical nitrogen fertilizer”; “the best growth performances were detected in C1 and C5, which reached, or even exceeded, that of NPK”; “C1, C2, and C3 stood out for their highest terpene and cannabinoid yields, which … reached, or even exceeded, those of NPK”. (“Hybrid” = combined organic + inorganic; field trial.) |
| 14 | 2023 vegetative Mg study, PMID 37514290 | Morad & Bernstein 2023, “Response of Medical Cannabis to Magnesium (Mg) Supply at the Vegetative Growth Phase”, Plants 12(14):2676, DOI 10.3390/plants12142676; PMC10386616 | VERIFIED | 35–70 mg/L Mg favorable; 2–20 limiting; 140 impairing | PARTIAL | Full text: “plant development is optimal under Mg supply of 35–70 mg L−1 (ppm), and impaired under lower Mg input of 2–20 mg L−1” (supports first two). But on 140: “The highest supply level of 140 mg L−1 Mg induced a small decrease in physiological function, which did not affect morphological development and biomass accumulation” — “impairing” overstates; correct: small physiological decrease, no growth/biomass penalty at the vegetative stage. |
| 15 | 2025 reproductive-stage Mg study, PMID 41372974 | Morad & Bernstein 2025, “From deficiency to toxicity: Magnesium increases cannabinoid and terpene production in cannabis plants”, J Cannabis Res, DOI 10.1186/s42238-025-00358-9; PMC12739851 | VERIFIED | 2/20/35/70/140 mg/L; 35 favorable; high Mg reduced reproductive biomass | YES | Full text: “five treatment groups of increasing Mg concentrations: 2, 20, 35, 70 and 140 mg L−1”; “restricted by low Mg-availability of 2–20 mg L−1, and were optimal under the supply treatment of 35 mg L−1 Mg”; “under over-supply levels of 70–140 mg L−1 Mg, which impacted physiological-function and reduced reproductive biomass by 12[%]”. |
| 16 | “Cockson et al. single-element deficiency work” (no DOI) | Nearest Cockson object: Cockson, Landis, Smith, Hicks, Whipker 2019, “Characterization of Nutrient Disorders of Cannabis sativa”, Applied Sciences 9(20):4432, DOI 10.3390/app9204432. The claim actually matches Llewellyn, Golem, Jones & Zheng 2023, “Foliar Symptomology, Nutrient Content, Yield, and Secondary Metabolite Variability of Cannabis Grown Hydroponically with Different Single-Element Nutrient Deficiencies”, Plants 12(3):422, DOI 10.3390/plants12030422; PMC9920212, PMID 36771506 | WRONG-OBJECT (misattributed author) | Some micronutrient deficiencies had smaller effects on flower yield than macronutrient deficiencies | NO as attributed to Cockson; YES for Llewellyn et al. 2023 | Cockson 2019 abstract (OpenAlex): sand-culture, single-nutrient withholding, symptom description and MRML tissue analysis — no flower-yield measurement (plants are vegetative; the study “can be used to diagnose nutrient disorders”). Llewellyn 2023 full text: “All deficiency treatments except for -Fe and -Mn had floral yields reduced by between 33% to 72%, compared with the control”; treatments were control, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -Fe, -Mn. Llewellyn 2023 cites Cockson 2019 for vegetative-stage symptom images. Corrective: attribute the yield finding to Llewellyn et al. 2023 (only Fe and Mn were the micronutrients tested; Zn/B/Cu/Mo not tested). |
| 17 | Fiering Q et al. 2026, J Cannabis Res 8:48, DOI 10.1186/s42238-026-00414-y | Fiering, Mackey, Kim, Risha, Denkert, … Blais 2026, “Comparative analysis of metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, microbial contaminants and THC potency in illegal and regulated cannabis inflorescences in Canada”, J Cannabis Res 8(1):48; PMC13045130, PMID 41731563 | VERIFIED | Legal vs illegal dried cannabis; higher As/Cd/Pb/Hg in illegal; chromium higher in legal; no fertilizer causation | PARTIAL | Full text: “Fifty legal cannabis products … and 50 illegal samples”; “Metal analysis revealed higher levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in illegal products than in their legal counterparts”; “legal samples presented higher chromium concentrations, with peak values approximately threefold greater”. The “no fertilizer causation” gloss is half right: the paper establishes no causal link, but it does explicitly hypothesize one — “These elevated levels, especially in legal samples, may be attributable to the use of fertilizers and micronutrient additives in commercial cultivation practices”. Phrase as “authors suggest fertilizer/micronutrient inputs as a possible source; not tested”. |
| 18 | Rx Green Technologies flushing trial (non-peer-reviewed), rxgreentechnologies.com/rxgt_trials/flushing-trial/ | Page resolves (HTTP 200), title “Cannabis Flushing Study on Grow Nutrients | Rx Green” | VERIFIED | Cherry Diesel; 0/7/10/14-day flush; 12 plants per treatment; no significant differences in flower weight, THC, terpenes, most minerals, taste, smoothness, ash color; 0-day trended better | YES |
| 19 | CFIA “Fertilizers and supplements used in cannabis cultivation”, inspection.canada.ca/en/plant-health/cannabis/fertilizers-and-supplements | Page resolves (HTTP 200), title as stated | VERIFIED | Warns of heavy metals, pathogens, pesticide residues, dioxins and furans | YES | Page text: “fertilizers contaminated with pathogens, heavy metals, dioxins and furans or pesticides may pose risks of contamination of the final product (cannabis plant)”; “sampling and testing for pathogens, pesticide residues, dioxins and furans and heavy metals”; “Cannabis plants are hyper-accumulators of metals”. |
| 20 | CFIA Canada Organic Regime: cannabis outside scope, cannot bear Canada Organic Logo (page not given) | Primary page: https://inspection.canada.ca/en/food-labels/organic-products (“Organic products - inspection.canada.ca”). Old /organic-products/… paths return HTTP 410. | VERIFIED | Cannabis cultivation outside scope; cannot bear Canada Organic Logo | YES | Page text: “Commodities such as cannabis plants and their cultivation, cosmetics, pet food, and natural health products are outside the scope of the Canada Organic Regime overseen by the CFIA”; “Products that are excluded from the scope cannot be certified under the Canada Organic Regime and cannot bear the Canada Organic Logo”. |
| 21 | CDFA OCal (cdfa.ca.gov/is/ocal.html) and CDPH OCal | CDFA page resolves (HTTP 200, “CDFA - IS - OCal Cannabis Certification Program”). CDPH page: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/Pages/FDBPrograms/FoodSafetyProgram/OCal.aspx (HTTP 200; the site’s TLS chain fails default Node verification — fetched with verification relaxed) | VERIFIED | “Comparable-to-organic” because cannabis ineligible for USDA NOP | YES | CDFA: “OCal is a statewide certification program that establishes and enforces comparable-to-organic cannabis standards”; “Since cannabis is illegal under federal law, cannabis products are not eligible to carry the ‘organic’ designation”. CDPH: “Because cannabis is illegal under federal law, cannabis operations cannot be certified organic under the National Organic Program, therefore the word organic cannot be used to refer to cannabis grown or manufactured in California”; “comparable to the National Organic Program and California Organic Food and Farming Act”. |
Summary
- Items: 21. IDENTITY: 20 VERIFIED, 1 WRONG-OBJECT (#16), 0 NONEXISTENT, 0 PARTIAL.
- CLAIM: 17 YES, 3 PARTIAL (#11, #14, #17), 1 NO (#16 as attributed), 0 UNVERIFIABLE.
- Every DOI resolved via Crossref to the stated title/authors/venue; all three PMIDs (37514290, 41372974, 40051879) resolve to the papers described. Minor tuple gaps: #8 is vol 16; #13/#14/#15 tuples were given without authors (Sicignano et al.; Morad & Bernstein; Morad & Bernstein); #14 DOI 10.3390/plants12142676; #15 DOI 10.1186/s42238-025-00358-9.
WRONG-OBJECT / NO
- #16 Cockson et al. — no Cockson paper measures flower yield under single-element deficiency. Cockson et al. 2019 (Appl Sci 9:4432) is a vegetative-stage sand-culture symptomology/tissue-threshold study. The finding attributed (“some micronutrient deficiencies had smaller effects on flower yield than macronutrient deficiencies”) belongs to Llewellyn, Golem, Jones & Zheng 2023 (Plants 12:422): floral yield was reduced 33–72% in every deficiency treatment except -Fe and -Mn. Only Fe and Mn were tested as micronutrients, so the statement must not be generalized to Zn/B/Cu/Mo.
PARTIAL (correct figure/wording)
- #11 Velechovský 2024: fertigation system did NOT have a statistically conclusive effect on final inflorescence harvest mass; it did significantly raise total THC yield (recirculation > drain-to-waste, esp. after week 9). Drop “affected yield” or restate as “affected total THC yield, not flower mass”.
- #14 Morad & Bernstein 2023: 140 mg/L Mg caused only “a small decrease in physiological function, which did not affect morphological development and biomass accumulation” at the vegetative stage. “Impairing” overstates; the biomass penalty at high Mg (12% reproductive biomass) is the 2025 reproductive-stage paper (#15).
- #17 Fiering 2026: the paper explicitly suggests fertilizer/micronutrient additives as a possible source of the higher Cr (and other) levels in legal product, while not testing causation. “No fertilizer causation” should read “fertilizer attribution proposed by the authors but not tested”.
Unadjudicated / caveats
- #2, #3, #4, #9 checked at abstract level (HortScience and Elsevier paywalled; MDPI HTML fetch returned a stub). The attributed claims are qualitative or are figures stated verbatim in the abstracts, so YES stands; any finer numbers drawn from these four papers would need full-text access.
- #18 is a vendor trial; numbers confirmed on the page but there is no independent review.
- #21 CDPH page served a TLS chain that Node could not verify by default; content was retrieved successfully once verification was relaxed, and matches the CDFA wording.